Effect of List Position on Free Recall Essay - 792 Words

In our daily lives, we constantly try to store and retrieve information from our memory. Sometimes the retrieval process is quite simple, while other times it seems to be almost impossible. An experiment was done to investigate the effect of list position on free recall. The serial position effect refers to the U-shaped pattern presentation on a free recall task. The accuracy of item recall depends on the order that the stimulus is presented. The serial position curve is an example of how the recency and primacy effect appears to have influence on recall. Primacy effect results from initial observations and it is believed that the first few items of the list is remembered the second best. The recency effect results from the final†¦show more content†¦The participant is permitted to use any form of memory strategies available. The independent variables are the letters being presented and its serial positioning. The dependent variable is the proportion of times each letter is recalled. Results The graph below shows the U-shaped pattern presentation, which shows the serial position effect. As presented in the graph, the position of the item effects the ability of recall. Primacy effect can be seen in the beginning of the graph, and the receneny effect can be seen at the end of the graph. The results indicate that as serial positioning of the item increased the accuracy percentage decreased. Provided below is the graph of the average experiment results of PSY270 winter Class. Discussion It was hypothesized that participants will recall the last items most accurately, first items fairly accurate and middle items the least accurate. However, the results of the curve could vary depending on the memory strategies used and the order that the participant recalls the items. Most often participants will recall the last few items presented first which would cause the latter end of the U-shaped curve to be higher. The result of the experiment was consistent with the hypothesis to an extent. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the primacy effect is larger than that of the recency effect. It is quite puzzling that most of the participants wereShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Recall on Non-Meaningful Words1454 Words   |  6 PagesPSYC 319: PRACTICALS IN LEARNING (2011/ 2012) TOPIC: The Effect of Word Position on Recall of Non-meaningful Words. ID NUMBER: 10306280 ABSTRACT: 60 participants were selected randomly from University of Ghana, Accra City Campus and the main campus. They were assigned to 2 groups, experimental and control group. The experimental group was made to immediately recall in serial order, a list of 16 3-letter nonsense syllables within a period of 30 seconds, after the words were presentedRead MoreEssay on Free Recall and Memory773 Words   |  4 Pagestime. When we go to buy things, we would remember the list of items what we are going to buy. At school, we would also need to have revision in order to remember the materials for examination. Or even, when we meet friends, we would also need to recall their names. Thus it is important to know and understand how we remember such things so that we can effectively recall them when necessary. Obviously, we do not need to remember the exact position or order of things in daily life. We would have our ownRead MoreEffect of Delayed Recall on Serial Position Effec1414 Words   |  6 PagesEffect Of Delayed Recall on Serial Position Effects By Paul Thevathayan ABSTRACT: The purpose of this experiment was to test whether a delay before recall would affect the serial position effect. The experiment was done by getting participants to take part in a simple tests; hearing words read out, then after they are read out, recalling them and writing them down. Two of these tests took place, one without a gap before recall,Read MoreA Short Note On Silent And Oral Modes Of Learning1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Von Restorff effect – also known as the Isolation effect – is a form of a Memory bias in favour of remembering the unusual. It predicts that â€Å"if an item is isolated, that item is learned faster, retained longer, and recalled better than a non-isolated item† (Homes, C. Arbogast, R., 1979) Previous research on the Isolation effect has focussed on which conditions the isolate is more recalled in. I-Ning Huang and Craig Wille (1979) conducted research on the difference in recall of the isolateRead MoreIs Our Justice System Fair?1157 Words   |  5 Pagesmemory is subject to the power of suggestion and unable to truly recall an event when told to recall. 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Illustrate Your Answer with Examples of the Kinds of Information Which Each System Stores1573 Words   |  7 Pages 2007). One of the strongest evidence to support this distinction lies in Murdock’s (1962) experiment – when presented with a list of words, the tendency was that the participants would more likely recall the first words (primacy effect) and the last words (recency effect) than the words in the middle of the list (Myers, 2010). This is known as the serial position effect whereby the first words are recalled since they have been transferred to LTM and the last words were still accessible in STM (Myers

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennesse Williams - 535 Words

The talented playwright and writer Thomas â€Å"Tennessee† Lanier Williams III was born to an unhappy family on March 26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He was the second child of Edwina and Cornelius Coffin Williams. His father was a traveling shoe salesman who would spend most of his time away from home. C.C. Williams’ behavior at home was violent due to his fierce, physical temper and hard-drinking practices. He disdained both Tennessee and Edwina. Williams’ mother, who was locked in an unhappy marriage, focused the majority of her overbearing attention on him due to his frail health. Williams and his two siblings, Rose Isabel and Walter Dalkin, would spend their early childhood with their maternal grandparents in Clarksdale, Mississippi. The family moved numerous times due to Edwina’s constant search for the ideal home environment as well as C.C.’s heavy drinking habits and turbulent behavior. Both historians and critics observe that Williams f ound his writing’s inspiration through his dysfunctional family. Williams became found of writing at an early age. He described his childhood as a happy one until his family moved from Mississippi to Missouri. â€Å"The carefree nature of his boyhood was stripped [away] in his new urban home†; therefore, Williams sought solace by turning inward and writing his thoughts. At sixteen years of age, he earned five dollars by winning third place in a writing competition. 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Stanley also

Leonardo Da Vinci Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci Persuasive Essay Leonardo Dad Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance, and the greatest experiment scientist of his age. Leonardo Dad Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and critic. He is a leading light of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo Dad Vinci affected society in a wonderful way. Leonardo Dad Vinci made advancements in technology and medical. He also changed the way people looked at the body. Leonardo Dad Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was born out of wedlock, to Seer Piper dad Vinci, a prominent notary and a local peasant woman, Birthplace and Childhood: Leonardo da Vinci was born at 10:30 PM on Saturday, April 15th, 1452. He was born in the small Tuscan town of Vinci, which is near Florence. Although, in another reference, it said that he was probably born in a farm house in Anchiano, which is about three miles away from Vinci. The family of Leonardo lived in this area since the 13th century. When Leonardo was born, Ser Piero, his father, was a twenty-five year old public notary. Also, when Leonardo was born, Ser Piero married his wife. He didnt marry Catarina, his mother, because she probably the daughter of a farmer. Leonardo was christened from the parson Peiro da Bartolomeo, in the Baptismal Chapel. He was baptized to the name Lionardo, not Leonardo. The chapel is inside the church of Vinci. According to a tax record, when Leonardo was five years old, he was living with his grandparents. Francesco, his uncle, probably taught him about nature though the wild countryside that surrounds Vinci. When Francesco died, about fifty years later, he willed his estate to Leonardo, which showed a sense of fondness to Leonardo. Apprenticeship: Leonardo lived in Vinci until 1466. Vinci is a small town, in the foot of Monte Albano, in the Tuscany in Italy. When he was fourteen, he moved to Florence, where he bagan an apprenticeship in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchio was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. The apprenticeship program provided all artistic training. He was introduced to many things like painting alterpieces, panel pictures and the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. Leonardo served Verrocchio for about thirteen years. While in the artists workshop he went to being a journeyman and then to being master craftsman. When he became a master craftsman, he was expected to copy Verrocchios work to perfection beacuse everything made in the shop was sold under Verrocchios name. After seeing how Verrocchios knowledge of several subjects helped him, Leonardo saw that mastering many skills was one of the goals of an artist. He saw that science an d art were closely related to each other and became a master for both. Verrocchio and Leonardo, then collaborated on the painting The Baptism of Christ in about the year of 1472. The first known and dated work of Leonardo da Vinci is a pen and ink drawing of the Aronovalley. Leonardo drew it on August 5th, 1473. It shows the ingenious mind of Leonardo because he drew the landscape in a way that it look real, unlike anyone elses work produced before. Years in Milan: Between 1482 and 1499, Leonardo was in the service of the Duke of Milan. He was described in a list of the Dukes staff as a painter and engineer of the duke. Leonardo completed six paintings during this time in the dukes service. He also advised on architecture, fortifications and military matters. Plus, he was considered as a hydraulic and mechanical engineer. During the year of 1495, Leonardo began working on one of his most famous masterpieces, the Last Supper. This painting is an illustration of Leonardos unique style. He broke with tradition by arranging the figures of the apostles into small groups with Jesus seated in the center of the scene. Leonardos portrayal of the Last Supper is alive with momentum and interaction between the characters. The people of his time had never seen a more vivid representation of this major even. This goes for people of our generation too. Child Pornography On Internet Essay Inventions: When we think of Leonardo da Vinci we think of a famous painter but he was also a famous inventor. To design machines, he would make very detailed sketches of all the working parts. Leonardo had many ideas on how to improve military weaponry. The catapult was a large device designed to hurl boulders and arrows to shoot into walled cites. The multi-fire gun was designed to shoot many bullets at once. This design was an early machine gun type cannon. Leonardo used his philosophy to improve his mechanical abilities and many machines of his day. His Notebook: The notebook of Leonardo is now known as the Codex Arundel. This notebook isnt a bound volume used by Leonardo, but it was put together after he died. It consists of loose papers of various types and sizes. The first section began in Florence on March22nd, 1508 and the remainder comes from different periods in different manuscripts. Most of these notes are the raw materials for a book that Leonardo hoped to write on the physical properties and geographical effects of water. Theyare written in Italian and in Leonardos characteristic mirror-writing, left handed and moving from right to left. This manuscript was in Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundels hands, in Italy. He was the greatest English collector of art of his day. In 1681, it was presented to the Royal Society by Henry Howard (his grandson) and transferred to the British Museum in 1831. Leonardos Quote: And you, O man, who all will discern in this work of mine the marvellous works of nature, if you think it would be a criminal thing to destroy it, reflect how much more criminal it is to take the life of a man; and if this is, his external form, appears to thee marvelously constructed, remember that this structure; for that, indeed, be it may, is a Devine thing. Leave it then to dwell in its work at its good pleasure, and let not your rage or malice destroy a lifefor indeed, he who does not value it, does not himself deserve it. Iron rusts from disuse; stagnant water loses its purity and in cold weather becomes frozen; even so does inaction sap the vigour of the mind. Man is the model of the world. Science is the captain, practice the soldier. Painters who wish to represent the relief of things they paint must cover the service with a half-tint, then paint in the darkest shadows and lastly the main lights. He who wishes to see how the soul inhabits the body should look to see how that body uses its daily surroundings. If the dwelling is dirty and neglected, the body will be kept by its soul in the same condition, dirty and neglected. Nothing flows faster than the years, daughters of time. When fortune comes, seize her firmly by the forelock, for, I tell you, she is bald at the back. Avoid excessive study; it will give rise to a work destined to die with the workman.Words/ Pages : 2,149 / 24